Тема: Ecological problems

 

Цель урока:

учебная – совершенствование лексических навыков по темам «Developed and developing countries», «Major economic problems», формирование лексических навыков по текущей теме;

            познавательная – понятие о экологических проблемах.

 

Тип урока: комбинированный

 

 

1. Вопросы по темам «Developed and developing countries », «Major economic problems»

1. What countries are considered developed? developing?
2. What is the striking feature of the world’s economy? (25 % of the world’s population produce 75 % of the world’s output)
3. What are major economic problems?
4. What can you say about low-productivity agriculture? To what countries is it proper? How many people work on the land? What is characteristic of low-productivity agriculture?
5. What do we mean when we speak about poor natural resources? Are any countries fortunate enough to possess valuable mineral deposits?
6. What do you know about shortage of capital? What do most developing countries lack?
7. What are the reasons for large-scale unemployment? What is underemployment?
8. Why is population growth dangerous?

 

 

2. Презентация слов "Ecological Problems”

1. Pollution threatens (to pollute)	Загрязнение угрожает	Pollution and greenhouse gases threaten ozone layer and increase ozone depletion.
2. Greenhouse gases	Парниковые газы
3. Ozone ['qVzqVn] layer, ozone depletion [dI'pli:S(q)n] (to deplete)	Озоновый слой, истощение озонового слоя
4. Reduce threats	Ослабить угрозы	To reduce threats of climatic changes and global warming, we must curtail global emissions of gases.
5. Curtail emissions	Сократить выбросы
6. Contribute significantly	Вносить существенный вклад	Various gases contribute significantly to the stock of greenhouse gases.
7. to have impact on smth	Иметь влияние на что-либо	CO2 has the greatest impact.
8. Fuel	горючее	Besides cars and industries burn a lot of fuel and contribute to greenhouse gases.
9. Consumption (to consume)	Потребление	As incomes and consumption are higher in the wealthiest countries, per capita emissions are much higher.
10. Account for smth	Объяснять что-либо, отвечать за что-либо	Third world countries account for a small proportion of industrial CO2.
11. Consequences	Последствия	The catastrophic consequences of climate changes have caused widespread cries for joint preventive policy to combat pollution.
12. controversy	спор	There is great controversy over the extent to which each government must control the emissions or its country.

 

 

3. Игра «Тройные определения»

 

Попросить студентов начертить квадрат 4х4. Произвольно в клетки квадрата вписать слова.

 

Описательно давать слова активной лексики:

1. Controversy – discussion

2. Consequences – results, after-effects, effect, reaction

3. account for smth. – to be responsible for smth. (to carry responsibility for smth)

4. consumption – from consume, use

5. fuel – gasoline, benzene ['benzi:n], without this substance you cannot drive a car.

6. to have impact on smth. – to have influence on smth., to affect smth.

7. contribute significantly – to add much, to give much, to provide.

8. to curtail emissions – to cut down, to decrease, to reduce, to shorten, to trim blowouts.

9. to reduce threats – to cut down, to curtail danger, risks.

10. Ozone layer – ozone deck, coating.

11. Ozone depletion – ozone exhaustion, decline.

12. Greenhouse gases – vapour ['veIpq] (водяной пар), carbon dioxide ["kQ:bqndaI'PksaId], methane ['mi:TeIn], nitrogen oxides  ['naItrqdZ(q)n].

13. Pollution threatens – Sources of it are deforestation, animal husbandary, wet rice cultivation, decomposition of waste and coal mining. All these things are extremely dangerous.

 

 

4. Прочитать текст «Ecological problems»

 

As the twentieth century draws to a close, global concentrations of atmospheric pollution seriously threaten the ozone layer. It means the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases and increased ozone depletion. This threatens to lead to dramatic climatic changes or global warming. To reduce these threats, the scientists of the various countries of the world say that global emissions must be sharply curtailed.

 

A number of gases contribute significantly to the stock of greenhouse gases. CO2 has the greatest impact. The burning of fuels by automobiles and industries are main sources of greenhouse gases.

 

Less damaging sources include deforestation, animal husbandry, wet rice cultivation, decomposition of waste, and coal mining.

 

Together all developing countries, with roughly three-quarters of the world’s population, produce less than one-third of industrial CO2.

 

Because incomes and consumption are higher in the wealthiest countries, per capita emissions are much higher. For example, the level of per capita emissions in the United States is more than twice bigger than that in Europe, 19 times higher than that in Africa and 25 times higher than that in India.

 

Though Third World countries account for a relatively small proportion of industrial CO2, they produce practically all of the CO2 in the secondary category, generally resulting from the burning of vegetation to clear new land.

 

A study jointly sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Program shows that global warming is growing. It says that if current emission trends continue, the mean global temperatures may rise 3C by the end of the twenty-first century.

 

The potentially catastrophic consequences of climate changes have caused widespread cries for joint preventive policy to combat environmental pollution, concentration of greenhouse gases and ozone depletion.

 

Statesmen and scientists stress that responsibility for reducing emissions must be divided across the members of the international community. The share of responsibility may be remarkably different depending on industrial development, income, social structure and political orientation of a country.

 

There is great controversy over the extent to which each government must control the emissions produced by its local population, industry and agriculture.

 

4. Вставьте слова

account for, layer, pollution, impact, reduce, fuels, depletion, contribute, emissions, greenhouse, consumption

 

1. Atmospheric _____________ threatens the ozone layer. (pollution)
2. _______________is a killer made by people. (pollution)
3. We try to solve water and land ________________problems. (pollution)
4. The concentration of ______________ gases increased. (greenhouse)
5. A number of gases contribute significantly to the stock of _______________ gases. (greenhouse)
6. Atmospheric pollution threatens the ozone ________________. (layer)
7. There are gaps in the ozone ___________. (layer).
8. Ozone ________________is dangerous for the life on the Earth. (depletion)
9. Ozone ________________can lead to dramatic climatic changes. (depletion)
10. To _____________threats, the scientists  say that global emissions must be curtailed. (reduce)
11. It is difficult to curtail __________________ of gases. (emissions)
12. Our party is for curtailing ________________. (emissions)
13. A number of gases ___________________ significantly to the stock of greenhouse gases. (contribute)
14. Our company ________________much money to help refugees. (contribute).
15. CO2 has the greatest __________________. (impact)
16. The burning of _________________by automobiles and industries are main sources of greenhouse gases. (fuel)
17. Gasoline is the best ___________for your car.  (fuel)
18. Incomes and _______________are higher in the wealthiest countries. (consumption)
19. Third World countries ______________________ a relatively small proportion of industrial CO2. (account for)
20. Catastrophic __________________of climate changes have caused widespread cries for joint preventive policy to combat environmental pollution. (consequences)
21. There is great ___________________ over the extent to which each government must control the emissions produced by its local population, industry and agriculture. (controversy)

 

 

5. Видео «Озон и озоновый слой»

 

*Предварительная информация:

Озоновый слой - начинается на высотах около 8 км над полюсами (или 17 км над Экватором) и простирается вверх до высот приблизительно равных 50-ти км. О. слой состоит из особой формы кислорода – озона (включает три атома кислорода). Озон образуется, когда солнечное ультрафиолетовое излучение бомбардирует молекулы кислорода (О22 —> О3). Плотность озона очень низкая: если сжать его до плотности, которую имеет воздух у поверхности земли, то толщина озонового слоя не превысит 3,5 мм.

 

Так как озоновый слой поглощает ультрафиолетовое излучение, то его разрушение приведет к более высоким уровням ультрафиолетового излучения на поверхности земли. Это, в свою очередь, вызовет увеличение случаев рака кожи. Другим следствием повышенного уровня ультрафиолетового излучения станет разогрев поверхности земли и, вследствие этого, изменение температурного режима, режима ветров и дождей и повышение уровня моря.

 

В 1985 году британские ученые обнародовали данные, согласно которым в предшествующие восемь лет были обнаружены увеличивающиеся каждую весну озоновые дыры над Северным и Южным полюсами.

 

Ученые пришли к заключению, что соединения хлора, называемые хлорфторуглеродами (ХФУ = CFC), которые широко использовались в промышленности и в быту, несут ответственность за разрушение озонового слоя земли. Некоторые виды хлорфторуглеродов использовались в качестве охладителей в холодильных установках и кондиционерах. Другие ХФУ применялись для производства поролонов и пенопластов - материалов, широко используемых во многих потребительских товарах, начиная от одноразовой пенопластовой посуды и заканчивая изоляционными материалами. Хлорфторуглероды нашли широкое применение в баллонах для распыления аэрозолей и в качестве веществ для промывания электрооборудования.*

 

 

*We cannot exist without light from the sun. But solar radiation contains harmful ultraviolet rays. Small amounts of these rays are useful, but prolonged exposure is harmful. It is the ozone layer that stops these rays. The chemical reactions are as follows: the oxygen is transformed into the ozone and visa versa. Thus, a rich ozone layer which absorbs ultraviolet rays is formed. But men made chemicals called CFC. They disturbed the oxygen balance. The СFСs react with ultraviolet rays and release chlorine. The chlorine reacts with ozone and destroys it. CFCs were considered miracle substances because they are stable and non-poisonous. They were first used in refrigerators, then in sprays. The production is cheap and easy.

 

Now some productions use replacements of CFCs. Some products are labeled as ozone friendly.

 

To eliminate the use of these substances, countries signed a treaty in Montreal ["mPntrI'O:l].

 

Are ultraviolet rays harmful?

What stops the ultraviolet rays?

What are the chemical reactions which form the ozone layer?

What substances destroy the ozone layer?

How do CFC substances destroy the ozone layer?

Why were CFCs considered miracle substances? Why were they widely used?

Where were they used?

What does the label "Ozone friendly” mean?

What can you say about the Montreal international treaty?

 

 

6. Грамматика

 

7. Домашнее задание